by Davide Calvaresi, Giovanni Ciatto, Amro Najjar, Reyhan Aydoğan, Leon Van der Torre, Andrea Omicini, and Michael I. Schumacher
Abstract Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged in recent years as a set of techniques and methodologies to interpret and explain machine learning (ML) predictors. To date, many initiatives have been proposed. Nevertheless, current research efforts mainly focus on methods tailored to specific ML tasks and algorithms, such as image classification and sentiment analysis.
by Andrea Agiollo, Giovanni Ciatto, and Andrea Omicini
Abstract Recently, the Deep Learning (DL) research community has focused on developing efficient and highly performing Neural Networks (NN). Meanwhile, the eXplainable AI (XAI) research community has focused on making Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning methods interpretable and transparent, seeking explainability. This work is a preliminary study on the applicability of Neural Architecture Search (NAS) (a sub-field of DL looking for automatic design of NN structures) in XAI.
by Federico Sabbatini, Giovanni Ciatto, and Andrea Omicini
Abstract Knowledge extraction methods are applied to ML-based predictors to attain explainable representations of their functioning when the lack of interpretable results constitutes a problem. Several algorithms have been proposed for knowledge extraction, mostly focusing on the extraction of either lists or trees of rules. Yet, most of them only support supervised learning – and, in particular, classification – tasks.
by Andrea Agiollo, Giovanni Ciatto, and Andrea Omicini
Abstract Combining machine learning (ML) and computational logic (CL) is hard, mostly because of the inherently-different ways they use to represent knowledge. In fact, while ML relies on fixed-size numeric representations leveraging on vectors, matrices, or tensors of real numbers, CL relies on logic terms and clauses—which are unlimited in size and structure. Graph neural networks (GNN) are a novelty in the ML world introduced for dealing with graph-structured data in a sub-symbolic way.
by Federico Sabbatini, Giovanni Ciatto, Roberta Calegari, and Andrea Omicini
How to access URL: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2963/paper14.pdf Abstract A common practice in modern explainable AI is to post-hoc explain black-box machine learning (ML) predictors – such as neural networks – by extracting symbolic knowledge out of them, in the form of either rule lists or decision trees. By acting as a surrogate model, the extracted knowledge aims at revealing the inner working of the black box, thus enabling its inspection, representation, and explanation.
by Giovanni Ciatto, Roberta Calegari, and Andrea Omicini
Abstract To date, logic-based technologies are either built on top or as extensions of the Prolog language, mostly working as monolithic solutions tailored upon specific inference procedures, unification mechanisms, or knowledge representation techniques. Instead, to maximise their impact, logic-based technologies should support and enable the general-purpose exploitation of all the manifold contributions from logic programming. Accordingly, we present 2P-Kt, a reboot of the tuProlog project offering a general, extensible, and interoperable ecosystem for logic programming and symbolic AI.
by Giuseppe Pisano, Roberta Calegari, and Andrea Omicini
Abstract We discuss the problem of cooperative argumentation in multi-agent systems, focusing on the computational model. An actor-based model is proposed as a first step towards cooperative argumentation in multi-agent systems to tackle distribution issues—illustrating a preliminary fully-distributed version of the argumentation process completely based on message passing.
How to access URL: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2963/paper17.pdf How to cite Bibtex @inproceedings{distributedarg-woa2021, author = {Pisano, Giuseppe and Calegari, Roberta and Omicini, Andrea}, booktitle = {WOA 2021 -- 22nd Workshop ``From Objects to Agents''}, editor = {Calegari, Roberta and Ciatto, Giovanni and Denti, Enrico and Omicini, Andrea and Sartor, Giovanni}, issn = {1613-0073}, keywords = {Argumentation, MAS, cooperative argumentation, distributed argumentation process}, location = {Bologna, Italy}, month = oct, note = {22nd Workshop ``From Objects to Agents'' (WOA 2021), Bologna, Italy, 1--3~} # sep # {~2021.
by Giuseppe Pisano, Roberta Calegari, and Andrea Omicini
Abstract We discuss the problem of cooperative argumentation in multi-agent systems, focusing on the computational model. An actor-based model is proposed as a first step towards cooperative argumentation in multi-agent systems to tackle distribution issues—illustrating a preliminary fully-distributed version of the argumentation process completely based on message passing.
How to access URL: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2963/paper17.pdf How to cite Bibtex @inproceedings{distributedarg-woa2021, articleno = 12, author = {Pisano, Giuseppe and Calegari, Roberta and Omicini, Andrea}, booktitle = {WOA 2021 -- 22nd Workshop ``From Objects to Agents''}, dblp = {conf/woa/PisanoCO21}, editor = {Calegari, Roberta and Ciatto, Giovanni and Denti, Enrico and Omicini, Andrea and Sartor, Giovanni}, iris = {11585/834366}, issn = {1613-0073}, keywords = {Argumentation, MAS, cooperative argumentation, distributed argumentation process}, location = {Bologna, Italy}, month = oct, note = {22nd Workshop ``From Objects to Agents'' (WOA 2021), Bologna, Italy, 1--3~} # sep # {~2021.
by Federico Sabbatini, Giovanni Ciatto, Roberta Calegari, and Andrea Omicini
Abstract Symbolic knowledge-extraction (SKE) algorithms proposed by the XAI community to obtain human-intelligible explanations for opaque machine learning predictors are currently being studied and developed with growing interest, also in order to achieve believability in interactions. However, choosing the most adequate extraction procedure amongst the many existing in the literature is becoming more and more challenging, as the amount of available methods increases.
by Matteo Magnini, Giovanni Ciatto, and Andrea Omicini
Abstract A long-standing ambition in artificial intelligence is to integrate predictors' inductive features (i.e., learning from examples) with deductive capabilities (i.e., drawing inferences from prior symbolic knowledge). Many algorithms methods in the literature support injection of prior symbolic knowledge into predictors, generally following the purpose of attaining better (i.e., more effective or efficient w.r.t. predictive performance) predictors. However, to the best of our knowledge, running implementations of these algorithms are currently either proof of concepts or unavailable in most cases.
by Matteo Magnini, Giovanni Ciatto, and Andrea Omicini
Abstract We propose a novel method to inject symbolic knowledge in form of Datalog formulæ into neural networks (NN), called KINS (Knowledge Injection via Network Structuring). The idea behind our method is to extend NN internal structure with ad-hoc layers built out the injected symbolic knowledge. KINS does not constrain NN to any specific architecture, neither requires logic formulæ to be ground.
by Federico Sabbatini, Giovanni Ciatto, and Andrea Omicini
Abstract Modern distributed systems require communicating agents to agree on a shared, formal semantics for the data they exchange and operate upon. The Semantic Web offers tools to encode semantics in the form of ontologies, where data is represented in the form knowledge graphs (KG). Applying such tools to intelligent agents equipped with machine learning (ML) capabilities is of particular interest, as it may enable a higher degree of interoperability among heterogeneous agents.
by Matteo Magnini, Giovanni Ciatto, and Andrea Omicini
Abstract We propose KILL (Knowledge Injection via Lambda Layer) as a novel method for the injection of symbolic knowledge into neural networks (NN) allowing data scientists to control what the network should (not) learn. Unlike other similar approaches, our method does not (i) require ground input formulae, (ii) impose any constraint on the NN undergoing injection, (iii) affect the loss function of the NN.
by Matteo Magnini, Giovanni Ciatto, Furkan Canturk, Reyhan Aydoğan, and Andrea Omicini
Abstract Background and objective This paper focuses on nutritional recommendation systems (RS), i.e. AI-powered automatic systems providing users with suggestions about what to eat to pursue their weight/body shape goals. A trade-off among (potentially) conflictual requirements must be taken into account when designing these kinds of systems, there including: (i) adherence to experts’ prescriptions, (ii) adherence to users’ tastes and preferences, (iii) explainability of the whole recommendation process.
